State court procedures
Every state, its own rules
Most cases are decided under state court procedures. Find each state’s rules of civil procedure, its courts, its foreclosure process and where it codified the UCC.
50 states + DCCivil procedureForeclosureUCC
Federal vs state
Know which rules apply
Federal courts follow the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. State courts follow their own rules — many modeled on the federal rules, but with different deadlines, names and forms. Every court also has local rules and judges’ standing orders.
Our procedure library explains each federal tool; use the table below to find your state’s equivalent rules and read them in full.
State guides
Choose your state
ALAlabamaAKAlaskaAZArizonaARArkansasCACaliforniaCOColoradoCTConnecticutDEDelawareFLFloridaGAGeorgiaHIHawaiiIDIdahoILIllinoisINIndianaIAIowaKSKansasKYKentuckyLALouisianaMEMaineMDMarylandMAMassachusettsMIMichiganMNMinnesotaMSMississippiMOMissouriMTMontanaNENebraskaNVNevadaNHNew HampshireNJNew JerseyNMNew MexicoNYNew YorkNCNorth CarolinaNDNorth DakotaOHOhioOKOklahomaOROregonPAPennsylvaniaRIRhode IslandSCSouth CarolinaSDSouth DakotaTNTennesseeTXTexasUTUtahVTVermontVAVirginiaWAWashingtonWVWest VirginiaWIWisconsinWYWyomingDCDistrict of Columbia
Reference table
All 50 states and DC
Civil procedure rules link to the official source. Statutes and rules change — always read the current version.
| State | Civil procedure rules | Most common foreclosure process | Where the UCC is codified |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Ala. Code § 35-10-11 et seq. | Code of Alabama 1975, Title 7 (Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Alaska | Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure (Alaska Rules of Court) | Nonjudicial AS 34.20.070 et seq. | Alaska Statutes Title 45 (Trade and Commerce); UCC articles codified as chapters, e.g., AS 45.02 (Sales), 45.12 (Leases), 45.14 (Funds Transfers), 45.29 (Secured Transactions) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Arizona | Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial A.R.S. § 33-801 et seq. | Arizona Revised Statutes Title 47 (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Arkansas | Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Ark. Code § 18-50-101 et seq. | Arkansas Code Title 4 (Business and Commercial Law), Subtitle 1 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| California | California Code of Civil Procedure (supplemented by California Rules of Court, Title Three – Civil Rules) | Nonjudicial Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5 et seq.; Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 580d | California Commercial Code Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Colorado | Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial C.R.S. § 38-38-100.3 et seq. | Colorado Revised Statutes Title 4 (Uniform Commercial Code) Leases codified as Article 2.5 and funds transfers as Article 4.5. |
| Connecticut | Connecticut Practice Book (Superior Court procedure) | Judicial Conn. Gen. Stat. § 49-14 et seq. | Connecticut General Statutes Title 42a (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Delaware | Superior Court Civil Rules (Rules of Civil Procedure, Superior Court of Delaware) | Judicial 10 Del. C. § 5061 et seq. | Delaware Code Title 6 (Commerce and Trade), Subtitle I (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Florida | Florida Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial Fla. Stat. § 45.031; § 702.06 | Florida Statutes Title XXXIX (Commercial Relations), chapters 669–680 (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Georgia | Georgia Civil Practice Act (O.C.G.A. Title 9, Chapter 11) | Nonjudicial O.C.G.A. § 44-14-160 et seq. | O.C.G.A. Title 11 (Commercial Code) |
| Hawaii | Hawaiʻi Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial HRS § 667-1 et seq. | Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 490 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Idaho | Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Idaho Code § 45-1502 et seq. | Idaho Code Title 28 (Commercial Transactions) |
| Illinois | Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5) and Illinois Supreme Court Rules, Article II (Rules on Civil Proceedings in the Trial Court) | Judicial 735 ILCS 5/15-1501 et seq. | 810 ILCS 5 (Uniform Commercial Code), within ILCS Chapter 810 (Commercial Code) |
| Indiana | Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure | Judicial Ind. Code § 32-29-7-0.2 et seq.; § 32-30-10-0.2 et seq. | Indiana Code Title 26 (Commercial Law), Article 1 (IC 26-1, Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Iowa | Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure (Iowa Court Rules, Chapter 1) | Judicial Iowa Code § 654.1 et seq. | Iowa Code Chapter 554 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Kansas | Kansas Code of Civil Procedure, K.S.A. Chapter 60 (Procedure, Civil), Article 2 – Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial K.S.A. § 60-2401 et seq. | K.S.A. Chapter 84 (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Kentucky | Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) | Judicial KRS § 426.005; § 426.200 et seq. | KRS Chapter 355 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Louisiana | Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure | Judicial La. Code Civ. Proc. art. 2631 et seq. (executory proceedings); La. R.S. 13:3852 | Louisiana Revised Statutes Title 10 (Commercial Laws) Louisiana has not adopted UCC Article 2 (Sales) or Article 2A (Leases); sales are governed by the Louisiana Civil Code (arts. 2438 et seq.). |
| Maine | Maine Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial 14 M.R.S. § 6321 et seq. | Maine Revised Statutes Title 11 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Maryland | Maryland Rules, Title 2 (Civil Procedure – Circuit Court) | Nonjudicial Md. Code, Real Prop. § 7-105.1 et seq.; Md. Rule 14-305 | Maryland Code, Commercial Law Article, Titles 1–10 (Title 1 General Provisions through Title 9 Secured Transactions; Title 10 Effective Date and Repealer) |
| Massachusetts | Massachusetts Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial M.G.L. c. 244, § 1 et seq. | Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 106 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Michigan | Michigan Court Rules of 1985, Chapter 2 (Civil Procedure) | Nonjudicial MCL § 600.3201 et seq. | Michigan Compiled Laws Chapter 440 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Minnesota | Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Minn. Stat. § 580.01 et seq. | Minnesota Statutes Chapter 336 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Mississippi | Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Miss. Code § 89-1-55 | Mississippi Code Title 75 (Regulation of Trade, Commerce and Investments), Chapters 75-1 through 75-11 (UCC) |
| Missouri | Missouri Supreme Court Rules of Civil Procedure (Rule 41 et seq.) | Nonjudicial RSMo § 443.240 et seq. | Revised Statutes of Missouri Chapter 400 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Montana | Montana Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Mont. Code § 71-1-301 et seq. (Small Tract Financing Act) | Montana Code Annotated Title 30 (Trade and Commerce), Chapters 1–9A (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Nebraska | Neb. Rev. Stat. Chapter 25 (Courts; Civil Procedure) and Nebraska Court Rules of Pleading in Civil Cases (Neb. Ct. R. ch. 6, art. 11) | Nonjudicial Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-1001 et seq. | Nebraska Uniform Commercial Code (codified separately as 'UCC' sections, e.g., Neb. U.C.C. § 1-101) |
| Nevada | Nevada Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial NRS § 107.080 et seq. | NRS Chapter 104 (Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles) and Chapter 104A (Uniform Commercial Code—Additional Articles) |
| New Hampshire | Rules of the Superior Court of the State of New Hampshire | Nonjudicial RSA 479:25 | RSA Chapter 382-A (Title XXXIV-A, Uniform Commercial Code) |
| New Jersey | Rules Governing the Courts of the State of New Jersey, Part IV (civil practice rules, R. 4:1 et seq.) | Judicial N.J.S.A. 2A:50-1 et seq. | N.J.S.A. Title 12A (Commercial Transactions) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| New Mexico | Rules of Civil Procedure for the District Courts (NMRA 1-001 et seq.) | Judicial N.M. Stat. § 39-5-1 et seq. | NMSA 1978 Chapter 55 (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| New York | New York Civil Practice Law and Rules (CPLR) | Judicial RPAPL § 1301 et seq. | New York Uniform Commercial Code (Consolidated Laws ch. 38) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| North Carolina | North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (G.S. Chapter 1A) | Nonjudicial N.C.G.S. § 45-21.1 et seq. | N.C. General Statutes Chapter 25 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| North Dakota | North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial N.D.C.C. § 32-19-01 et seq. | North Dakota Century Code Title 41 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Ohio | Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial ORC § 2329.17 et seq. | Ohio Revised Code Title 13 (Commercial Transactions) |
| Oklahoma | Oklahoma Pleading Code (Title 12, Oklahoma Statutes) | Judicial 12 O.S. § 686 (judicial); 46 O.S. § 43 (power of sale) | Oklahoma Statutes Title 12A (Commercial Code) |
| Oregon | Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure (ORCP) | Nonjudicial ORS § 86.726 et seq. | Oregon Revised Statutes Chapters 71–79 (Commercial Transactions; ORS ch. 71 'General Provisions for Uniform Commercial Code') |
| Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure (Pa. Code Title 231) | Judicial Pa.R.C.P. 3129.2; 42 Pa.C.S. § 8103 | Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Title 13 (Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Rhode Island | Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial R.I. Gen. Laws § 34-27-1 et seq. | R.I. General Laws Title 6A (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| South Carolina | South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (SCRCP) | Judicial S.C. Code § 15-39-610 et seq.; § 29-3-610 et seq. | S.C. Code of Laws Title 36 (Commercial Code) |
| South Dakota | SDCL Chapter 15-6 (Rules of Procedure in Circuit Courts) | Nonjudicial SDCL § 21-48-1 et seq.; § 21-48A-1 et seq. | SDCL Title 57A (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Tennessee | Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Tenn. Code § 35-5-101 et seq. | Tennessee Code Annotated Title 47 (Commercial Instruments and Transactions), Chapters 1–9 Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Texas | Texas Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002 | Texas Business and Commerce Code, Title 1 (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Utah | Utah Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Utah Code § 57-1-24 et seq. | Utah Code Title 70A (Uniform Commercial Code) Does not include Article 6 (Bulk Transfers), which most states have repealed. |
| Vermont | Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure | Judicial 12 V.S.A. § 4931 et seq. | Vermont Statutes Title 9A (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Virginia | Rules of Supreme Court of Virginia, Part Three (Practice and Procedures in Civil Actions) | Nonjudicial Va. Code §§ 55.1-321, 55.1-322 | Code of Virginia Title 8.1A et seq. (Uniform Commercial Code; LII lists Titles 8.1A–8.11) |
| Washington | Superior Court Civil Rules (CR) | Nonjudicial RCW 61.24.005 et seq. | RCW Title 62A (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| West Virginia | West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial W. Va. Code §§ 38-1-4, 38-1-7 | W. Va. Code Chapter 46 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Wisconsin | Wisconsin Statutes Chapters 801–847 (Civil Procedure) | Judicial Wis. Stat. § 846.01 et seq. | Wisconsin Statutes Chapters 401–411 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| Wyoming | Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial Wyo. Stat. § 34-4-101 et seq. | Wyoming Statutes Title 34.1 (Uniform Commercial Code) |
| District of Columbia | Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure | Nonjudicial D.C. Code § 42-815 et seq. | D.C. Code Title 28, Subtitle I (Uniform Commercial Code) |
The foreclosure column shows the most common process in each state; judicial foreclosure is available in every state. Statutes listed are the main provisions cited in state law surveys. Read the current statute on the state legislature website.
Overview
Why state court procedures matter
Most lawsuits in the United States are filed in state court. Therefore, state court procedures, not the federal rules, govern most cases.
Many states model their rules on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. However, the details often differ. For example, a state may count deadlines differently, use different form names or require extra notices.
Each state guide gives you a starting point. First, it links to the state’s rules of civil procedure. Next, it explains the most common foreclosure process there. Then it shows where the state codified the Uniform Commercial Code.
Finally, always read the current version. Rules and statutes change, and every court can add local rules. For federal cases, compare with the current federal court rules.
Lawtopolis provides legal information and education, not legal advice. Using this site does not create an attorney-client relationship. Laws and court rules vary by jurisdiction and change over time; verify every authority against the official source and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction about your situation.